Architecture
Architecture (lat. Architectura, from the Greek. Architekton – builder), architecture, a system of buildings and structures that form the spatial environment for the life and activities of people, as well as the art itself to create these buildings and structures in accordance with the laws of beauty. Architecture is a necessary part of the means of production and the material means of existence of human society. Her artistic images play a significant role in the spiritual life of society. The functional, structural, and aesthetic quality of architecture (benefit, strength, beauty) are interrelated.
The works of architecture are buildings with an organized interior space, ensembles of buildings, as well as structures used to decorate open spaces (monuments, terraces, embankments, etc.).
The object of the purposeful organization is the space of the populated area as a whole. The creation of cities, townships and the regulation of the entire system of settlement have emerged in a special area inseparably connected with architecture – the city government.
The most important means of practical solution of the function, and ideological and artistic problems of architecture is the construction equipment. It determines the possibility and economic feasibility of the implementation of certain spatial systems. The aesthetic properties of works of architecture largely depend on the constructive solution. The building should not only be beautiful, but also look durable. Excess material causes an impression of excessive severity; Visible (apparent) material failure is associated with instability, unreliability and causes negative emotions. In the course of the development of construction equipment, new principles of architectural composition that correspond to the properties of new materials and structures may conflict with traditional aesthetic views. But with the spread and further development of the structure, the forms determined by it not only cease to be perceived as unusual, but also turn into the source of emotional and aesthetic influence in the mass consciousness.
Architecture Qualitative changes in construction equipment, the creation of new structures and materials significantly influenced modern architecture. Of particular importance is the replacement of industrialized craft methods of construction associated with the general processes of production development, with the need to increase the pace of mass construction and demanded the introduction of standardization, unified designs and parts.
The main means of creating an artistic image in architecture are the formation of space and architectonics. When creating a spatial composition (including the internal organization of structures), the principles of symmetry or asymmetry, nuances or contrasts are used when comparing elements, their various rhythmic ratios, etc. Of particular importance in architecture are the proportionality of the parts and the whole to each other (the system of proportions) and the proportionality of the structure and its individual forms to man (scale). The number of artistic means of architecture also includes texture and color, the diversity of which is achieved by various methods of surface treatment of the building. A holistic artistic and expressive system of forms of works of architecture that meets functional and structural requirements is called an architectural composition.
The stable commonality of the characteristic features of the artistic form of architecture and its ideological and content program forms its style. The most important features of the style are manifested in the system of the functional and spatial organization of structures, in their architectonics, proportions, plastics, and decor.
